Particulate and semivolatile associated aliphatic hydrocarbon exhaust emission from heavy duty diesel vehicles

The exhaust emissions from two heavy duty diesel vehicles running on eight different fuel compositions were investigated regarding their content of high molecular weight (≥ C₁₂) aliphatic/ olefinic hydrocarbons. It was concluded that the emitted amount of semi‐volatile associated aliphatic hydrocarbons (range C₁₂‐C₂₂) depend on the fuel used in the engines and that these emissions mainly consisted of uncombusted fuel components. It was also found that uncombusted engine lubrication oil was the main constituent of the emitted particulate associated aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₇‐C₄₀). These constituted between 58% and 95% of the total emissions of the high molecular weight aliphatic compounds. Emission factors for the total of high molecular aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₂‐C₄₀) were demonstrated to be in the range of 15–100 mg/km. Some individual aliphatic hydrocarbons with cocarcinogenic effects were identified and quantified in both particulate and semi‐volatile phases of the exhaust. Multivariate data analysis was used to investigate the relationship between fuel parameters and emission of semi‐volatile aliphatic emission.     

印刷环节挥发性有机物无组织排放特征测定研究

对使用溶剂型油墨的凹版印刷设备和使用水性油墨的柔版印刷设备无组织排放的挥发性有机物(VOCs)浓度进行了实际监测,并采用计算流体动力学模拟无组织排放VOCs的收集效率.结果表明:(1)使用溶剂型油墨的凹版连续印刷过程非甲烷总烃(NMHC)最高均值达到5975.67 mg/m3,约为使用水性油墨的柔版印刷(191.67 ...     

以化学抑制法研究污水生物处理过程中N2O的释放源

采用化学抑制法,研究了不同曝气量下污水生物处理过程中N2O的释放源.结果表明,缺氧段中, N2O的主要释放源为硝酸盐异化成氨反应,而反硝化反应消耗N2O.好氧段中N2O释放源受曝气量的影响很大,当曝气量适中时(65L/h), N2O释放源主要为硝化细菌反硝化作用;而当曝气量偏高(105L/h)或偏低(25L/h)时,同步硝化-反硝化反应是主要的N2O释放源.同时硝化细菌反硝化反应也能够产生少量N2O.     

蚊香和佛香燃烧过程中苯系物的排放研究

利用小型烟雾箱对6种市售蚊香和5种佛香燃烧过程进行采样研究,定量分析释放的5种苯系物(苯、甲苯、乙苯、对/间二甲苯、邻二甲苯),利用单室质量平衡模型分别计算排放系数.结果表明,蚊香和佛香的不同品牌之间苯系物的排放系数相差较大,蚊香中5种苯系物的平均排放因子分别是77,101,94,250,94μg/g,佛香中5种苯系物的平均排放因子依次是732,598,2084,2349,221μg/g.蚊香与佛香燃烧释放物中含量最高的苯系物均是间/对二甲苯,分别占总含量的41%、39%.取测得的最大排放速率,采用室内空气质量模型模拟一般条件下蚊香和佛香燃烧释放苯系物对室内空气的影响,分析结果显示,燃烧蚊香造成室内苯、甲苯和乙苯的最大模拟浓度分别是31,45,86μg/m3,燃烧佛香造成室内苯、甲苯和乙苯的最大模拟浓度为65,66,187μg/m3.     

Research on polyhydroxyalkanoates and glycogen transformations: Key aspects to biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal in low dissolved oxygen systems

In this paper, a study was conducted on the effect of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and glycogen transformations on biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal in low dissolved oxygen (DO) systems. Two laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBR1 and SBR2) were operating with anaerobic/aerobic (low DO, 0.15–0.45 mg·L^-1) configurations, which cultured a propionic to acetic acid ratio (molar carbon ratio) of 1.0 and 2.0, respectively. Fewer poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), total PHA, and glycogen transformations were observed with the increase of propionic/acetic acid, along with more poly-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHV) and poly-3-hydroxy-2-methyvalerate (PH2MV) shifts. The total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was 68% and 82% in SBR1 and SBR2, respectively. In the two SBRs, the soluble ortho-phosphate (SOP) removal efficiency was 94% and 99%, and the average sludge polyphosphate (poly-P) content (g·g-MLVSS^-1) was 8.3% and 10.2%, respectively. Thus, the propionic to acetic acid ratio of the influent greatly influenced the PHA form and quantity, glycogen transformation, and poly-P contained in activated sludge and further determined TN and SOP removal efficiency. Moreover, significant correlations between the SOP removal rate and the (PHV+ PH2MV)/PHA ratio were observed (R²>0.99). Accordingly, PHA and glycogen transformations should be taken into account as key components for optimizing anaerobic/aerobic (low DO) biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal systems.     

小型燃油锅炉大气污染物排放特征

燃料燃烧是大气污染物的重要来源之一,对人体健康、空气质量和气候变化产生严重影响. 以85台小型燃油锅炉(≤10.5 MW)的颗粒物(PM),SO₂和NO_x排放实测数据为基础,通过统计分析方法,研究了大气污染物PM,SO₂和NO_x的排放特征及其影响因素,分析了我国小型燃油锅炉PM,SO₂和NO_x的排放现状. 结果表明,在未采取控制措施的条件下,ρ(PM)与燃油灰分〔w(灰分)〕和硫含量〔w(S)〕无关;而在过量空气系数(α)>1时,ρ(SO₂)与燃油w(S)之间呈现显著的正线性相关性;ρ(NO_x)与燃油氮含量〔w(N)〕不具有相关性,而随过量空气系数的增大而增大. 实测得到ρ(PM),ρ(SO₂)和ρ(NO_x)平均值分别为20.0,259.9和318.2 mg/m3;所有测试锅炉的ρ(PM)远远小于《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》(GB13271—2001)所规定的最高允许排放限值,有90%以上的锅炉达到ρ(SO₂)最高允许排放限值,有84%的锅炉达到ρ(NO_x)最高允许排放限值.      

上海市能源消费碳排放分析

根据联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)2006年版碳排放计算指南中的计算公式和碳排放系数缺省值,计算了上海市1994─2006年能源消费碳排放量. 结果表明:1994年以来碳排放量逐年增加,碳排放强度不断下降,由1994年的2.51 t/(104元)降到2006年的1.07 t/(104元). 通过比较2005年上海与全国以及主要经济大国间的碳排放量、碳排放强度和人均碳排放量发现,上海市能源消费碳排放量占全国的3.5%;碳排放强度低于全国和全球水平,但比英国、德国、日本高;人均碳排放量为2.7 t/a,是全国和全球平均水平的2倍多,低于美国、澳大利亚和加拿大. 从能源利用效率、经济增长方式、能源结构以及经济结构等角度分析了碳排放强度下降的原因,其中能源结构调整引起的平均碳排放系数下降和第三产业比重上升是主要原因.      

泥炭沼泽土壤酶活性对水热条件变化的响应及其与CO_2释放通量的关系——以小兴安岭地区为例

采用实验室培养的方法,研究了小兴安岭地区两类典型的泥炭沼泽:苔草型泥炭沼泽和泥炭藓型泥炭沼泽中几种水解酶活性(β-葡萄糖苷酶、酚氧化酶)对不同温度和水位变化的响应,以及与CO_2释放通量的相瓦关系.结果表明:β-葡萄糖苷酶活性在两类泥炭沼泽中受多种因素制约,在一定湿度范围内受水位控制较明显,当土壤湿度降低到一定程度时,温度对土壤酶活性影响增强.酚氧化酶活性与温度密切相关,但对温度变化的响应存在明显的季节性差异.相对而言,苔草型泥炭沼泽中β-葡萄糖苷酶和酚氧化酶活性显著高于相同培养条件下泥炭藓型泥炭沼泽.总体上,苔草型泥炭沼泽中水解酶活性较泥炭藓型泥炭沼泽中高,但是其CO_2释放通量却低于泥炭鲜型泥炭沼泽,表明与有机碳分解有关的水解酶的活性高低不能作为解释泥炭沼泽CO_2释放通量大小的唯一指标.     

干旱区大型养殖场CDM项目开发与温室气体减排量估算

根据<联合国气候变化框架公约>的相关规定,运用联合国清洁发展机制(CDM)执行理事会批准的ACM0010方法学,对新疆某大型畜禽养殖场沼气工程项目中粪污处理所产生的温室气体减排量进行分析和计算得到,该养殖场年CO2减排当量为114274 t·a-1,通过在国际碳市场出售经核证的温室气体减排当量,使其能够获得约1100万元人民币的额外收益,从而提高企业内部收益率,增强企业参与CDM项目的积极性,也为我国干旱区大中型养殖场发展沼气工程、参与CDM项目合作提供参考.     

Biofuel Plantations on Forested Lands: Double Jeopardy for Biodiversity and Climate

Abstract: The growing demand for biofuels is promoting the expansion of a number of agricultural commodities, including oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Oil‐palm plantations cover over 13 million ha, primarily in Southeast Asia, where they have directly or indirectly replaced tropical rainforest. We explored the impact of the spread of oil‐palm plantations on greenhouse gas emission and biodiversity. We assessed changes in carbon stocks with changing land use and compared this with the amount of fossil‐fuel carbon emission avoided through its replacement by biofuel carbon. We estimated it would take between 75 and 93 years for the carbon emissions saved through use of biofuel to compensate for the carbon lost through forest conversion, depending on how the forest was cleared. If the original habitat was peatland, carbon balance would take more than 600 years. Conversely, planting oil palms on degraded grassland would lead to a net removal of carbon within 10 years. These estimates have associated uncertainty, but their magnitude and relative proportions seem credible. We carried out a meta‐analysis of published faunal studies that compared forest with oil palm. We found that plantations supported species‐poor communities containing few forest species. Because no published data on flora were available, we present results from our sampling of plants in oil palm and forest plots in Indonesia. Although the species richness of pteridophytes was higher in plantations, they held few forest species. Trees, lianas, epiphytic orchids, and indigenous palms were wholly absent from oil‐palm plantations. The majority of individual plants and animals in oil‐palm plantations belonged to a small number of generalist species of low conservation concern. As countries strive to meet obligations to reduce carbon emissions under one international agreement (Kyoto Protocol), they may not only fail to meet their obligations under another (Convention on Biological Diversity) but may actually hasten global climate change. Reducing deforestation is likely to represent a more effective climate‐change mitigation strategy than converting forest for biofuel production, and it may help nations meet their international commitments to reduce biodiversity loss.